HTML Tags

Use Lowercase Tags?

We have just said that HTML tags are not case sensitive: means the same as . It is recommended to always use because

If you want to prepare yourself for the next generations of HTML, you should start using lowercase tags. The World Wide Web Consortium recommends lowercase tags in their HTML 4 recommendation, and XHTML (the next generation HTML) demands lowercase tags.

 

Tags can have attributes. Attributes can provide additional information about the HTML elements on your page.

This tag defines the body element of your HTML page: . With an added bgcolor attribute, you can tell the browser that the background color of your page should be red, like this: .

Attributes always come in name/value pairs like this: name="value".

Attributes are always added to the start tag of an HTML element.

Quote Styles, "red" or 'red'?

Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes. Double style quotes are the most common, but single style quotes are also allowed. In some rare situations, like when the attribute value itself contains quotes, it is necessary to use single quotes:

Paragraphs

Paragraphs

Paragraphs are defined with the tag.

This is a paragraph

This is another paragraph

HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a paragraph.

Line Breaks

The
tag is used when you want to end a line, but don't want to start a new paragraph. The
tag forces a line break wherever you place it.

This
is a para
graph with line breaks

The
tag is an empty tag. It has no closing tag.

Comments in HTML

The comment tag is used to insert a comment in the HTML source code. A comment will be ignored by the browser. You can use comments to explain your code, which can help you when you edit the source code at a later date.

Note: that you need an exclamation point after the opening bracket, but not before the closing bracket.

Text Formatting Tags

Tag	Description
	Defines bold text
	Defines big text
	Defines emphasized text
	Defines italic text
	Defines small text
	Defines strong text
	Defines subscripted text
	Defines superscripted text
	Defines inserted text
	Defines deleted text

HTML supports ordered, unordered and definition lists

HTML supports ordered, unordered and definition lists

Unordered Lists

An unordered list is a list of items. The list items are marked with bullets (typically small black circles).

An unordered list starts with the

tag. Each list item starts with the
• tag.

Coffee

Milk

Here is how it looks in a browser:

• Coffee
• Milk

Inside a list item you can put paragraphs, line breaks, images, links, other lists, etc.

Ordered Lists

An ordered list is also a list of items. The list items are marked with numbers.

An ordered list starts with the

tag. Each list item starts with the
1. tag.

Coffee

Milk

Here is how it looks in a browser:

1. Coffee
2. Milk

Inside a list item you can put paragraphs, line breaks, images, links, other lists, etc.

Definition Lists

A definition list is not a list of items. This is a list of terms and explanation of the terms.

A definition list starts with the

tag. Each definition-list term starts with the

tag. Each definition-list definition starts with the

tag.

Coffee

Black hot drink

Milk

White cold drink

Here is how it looks in a browser:

Coffee

Black hot drink

Milk

White cold drink

Inside a definition-list definition (the

tag) you can put paragraphs, line breaks, images, links, other lists, etc.

List Tags

Tag	Description
	Defines an ordered list
	Defines an unordered list
	Defines a list item
	Defines a definition list
	Defines a definition term
	Defines a definition description

Character Entities

Character Entities

Some characters have a special meaning in HTML, like the less than sign (<) that defines the start of an HTML tag. If we want the browser to actually display these characters we must insert character entities in the HTML source.

A character entity has three parts: an ampersand (&), an entity name or a # and an entity number, and finally a semicolon (;).

To display a less than sign in an HTML document we must write: < or <

The advantage of using a name instead of a number is that a name is easier to remember. The disadvantage is that not all browsers support the newest entity names, while the support for entity numbers is very good in almost all browsers.

Note that the entities are case sensitive. 

Non-breaking Space

The most common character entity in HTML is the non-breaking space.

Normally HTML will truncate spaces in your text. If you write 10 spaces in your text HTML will remove 9 of them. To add spaces to your text, use the   character entity.

Most Common Character Entities

Result	Description	Entity Name	Entity Number
	non-breaking space
<	less than	<	<
>	greater than	>	>
&	ampersand	&	&
"	quotation mark	"	"
'	apostrophe	' (does not work in IE)	'

Additional Commonly Used Character Entities

Result	Description	Entity Name	Entity Number
¢	cent	¢	¢
£	pound	£	£
¥	yen	¥	¥
§	section	§	§
©	copyright	©	©
®	registered trademark	®	®
×	multiplication	×	×
÷	division	÷	÷

The Anchor Tag and the Href Attribute

HTML uses the (anchor) tag to create a link to another document.

An anchor can point to any resource on the Web: an HTML page, an image, a sound file, a movie, etc.

The syntax of creating an anchor: 

Text to be displayed

The tag is used to create an anchor to link, the href attribute is used to address the document to link to, and the words between the open and close of the anchor tag will be displayed as a hyperlink.

This anchor defines a link to EEE 111 webpage:

Visit EEE 111

The line above will look like this in a browser:

Visit EEE 111

The Target Attribute

With the target attribute, you can define where the linked document will be opened.

The line below will open the document in a new browser window:

Visit EEE 111

The Anchor Tag and the Name Attribute

The name attribute is used to create a named anchor. When using named anchors we can create links that can jump directly into a specific section on a page, instead of letting the user scroll around to find what he/she is looking for.

Below is the syntax of a named anchor:

Text to be displayed

The name attribute is used to create a named anchor. The name of the anchor can be any text you care to use.

The line below defines a named anchor:

Bottom of the page

You should notice that a named anchor is not displayed in a special way.

To link directly to the "down" section, add a # sign and the name of the anchor to the end of a URL, like this:

href="http://faraday.ee.emu.edu.tr/eee111#down">Jump to down section

A hyperlink to the Useful Tips Section from WITHIN the file "firstpage.html" will look like this: 

Down is here

Basic HTML Tutorial

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. An HTML file is a text file containing markup tags. The markup tags tell the Web browser how to display the page. An HTML file must have an ‘htm’ or ‘html’ file extension. An HTML file can be created using a simple text editor. The rule-making body of the Web is World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). W3C puts together specifications for Web standards. The most essential Web standards are HTML, CSS and XML. The latest HTML standard is XHTML 1.0.

Example: Creating a simple web page

1. Start Notepad.
2. Type in the following text

This is a very basic webpage. This text will be displayed in bold

3.       Save the file as "firstpage.html". 

4.       Double click the saved file the browser will display the page.

Example Explained:

The first tag in your HTML document is . This tag tells your browser that this is the start of an HTML document. The last tag in your document is . This tag tells your browser that this is the end of the HTML document.

The text between the tag and the tag is header information. Header information is not displayed in the browser window.

The text between the

Tables

Tables

Tables are defined with the tag. A table is divided into rows (with the tag), and each row is divided into data cells (with the

tag). The letters td stands for "table data," which is the content of a data cell. A data cell can contain text, images, lists, paragraphs, forms, horizontal rules, tables, etc.

row 1, cell 1

row 1, cell 2

row 2, cell 1

row 2, cell 2

How it looks in a browser:

row 1, cell 1	row 1, cell 2
row 2, cell 1	row 2, cell 2

Tables and the Border Attribute

If you do not specify a border attribute the table will be displayed without any borders. Sometimes this can be useful, but most of the time, you want the borders to show.

To display a table with borders, you will have to use the border attribute:

Row 1, cell 1

Row 1, cell 2

Headings in a Table

Headings in a table are defined with the
tag.

Heading

Another Heading

row 1, cell 1

row 1, cell 2

row 2, cell 1

row 2, cell 2

How it looks in a browser:

Heading	Another Heading
row 1, cell 1	row 1, cell 2
row 2, cell 1	row 2, cell 2

Empty Cells in a Table

Table cells with no content are not displayed very well in most browsers.

row 1, cell 1

row 1, cell 2

row 2, cell 1

How it looks in a browser:

row 1, cell 1	row 1, cell 2
row 2, cell 1

Note that the borders around the empty table cell are missing (NB! Mozilla Firefox displays the border).

To avoid this, add a non-breaking space ( ) to empty data cells, to make the borders visible: 

row 1, cell 1

row 1, cell 2

row 2, cell 1

How it looks in a browser:

row 1, cell 1	row 1, cell 2
row 2, cell 1

Table Tags

Tag	Description
	Defines a table
		Defines a table header
Defines a table row
		Defines a table cell
Defines a table caption
Defines groups of table columns
Defines the attribute values for one or more columns in a table
Defines a table head
Defines a table body
Defines a table footer

தமிழ் மொழி (Tamil language)

தமிழ் மொழி (Tamil language)

 தமிழர்களினதும், தமிழ் பேசும் பலரதும் தாய்மொழி ஆகும். தமிழ் திராவிட மொழிக் குடும்பத்தின்முதன்மையான மொழிகளில் ஒன்றும் செம்மொழியும் ஆகும். இந்தியா, இலங்கை, மலேசியா, சிங்கப்பூர் ஆகிய நாடுகளில் அதிக அளவிலும்,ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம், தென்னாப்பிரிக்கா, மொரிசியசு, பிஜி, ரீயூனியன், டிரினிடாட் போன்ற நாடுகளில் சிறிய அளவிலும் தமிழ் பேசப்படுகிறது.1997ஆம் ஆண்டுப் புள்ளி விவரப்படி உலகம் முழுவதிலும் 8 கோடி (80 மில்லியன்) மக்களால் பேசப்படும் தமிழ்[3], ஒரு மொழியைத் தாய்மொழியாகக் கொண்டு பேசும் மக்களின் எண்ணிக்கை அடிப்படையில் பதினெட்டாவது இடத்தில் உள்ளது.[4]

இரண்டாயிரத்து ஐந்நூறு ஆண்டுகளுக்கும் மேல் பழைமை வாய்ந்த இலக்கிய மரபைக் கொண்டுள்ள தமிழ் மொழி, தற்போது வழக்கில் இருக்கும் ஒரு சில செம்மொழிகளில் ஒன்றாகும்.[5] திராவிட மொழிக்குடும்பத்தின் பொதுக்குணத்தினால் ஒலி மற்றும் சொல்லமைப்புகளில் சிறிய மாற்றங்களே ஏற்பட்டுள்ளதாலும் [6] மேலும் கவனமாகப் பழைய அமைப்புக்களைக் காக்கும் மரபினாலும் பழங்கால இலக்கிய நடை கூட மக்களால் புரிந்து கொள்ளும் நிலையில் உள்ளது. எடுத்துக்காட்டாக, பள்ளிக் குழந்தைகள் சிறுவயதில் கற்கும் அகர வரிசையானஆத்திசூடி 1,000 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்னர் இயற்றப்பட்டது. திருக்குறள் ஏறத்தாழ 2,000 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன் இயற்றப்பட்டது